Risk of Transmissibility From Neurodegenerative Disease-Associated Proteins: Experimental Knowns and Unknowns
David M. Asher, MD, Ermias Belay, MD, Eileen Bigio, MD, Sebastian Brandner, MD, Scott A. Brubaker, BA, Byron Caughey, PhD, Brychan Clark, MD, Inger Damon, MD, PhD, Marc Diamond, MD, Michelle Freund, PhD, Bradley T. Hyman, MD, PhD, Mathias Jucker, PhD, C. Dirk Keene, MD, PhD, Andrew P. Lieberman, MD, PhD, Miroslaw Mackiewicz, PhD, Thomas J. Montine, MD, PhD, Susan Morgello, MD, Creighton Phelps, PhD, Jiri Safar, MD, PhD, Julie A. Schneider, MD, MS, Lawrence B. Schonberger, MD, MPH, Christina Sigurdson, DVM, PhD, Nina Silverberg, PhD, John Q. Trojanowski, MD, PhD, and Matthew P. Frosch, MD, PhD
Abstract
Recent studies in animal models demonstrate that certain misfolded proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases can support templated misfolding of cognate native proteins, to propagate across neural systems, and to therefore have some of the properties of classical prion diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The National Institute of Aging convened a meeting to discuss the implications of these observations for research priorities. A summary of the discussion is presented here, with a focus on limitations of current knowledge, highlighting areas that appear to require further investigation in order to guide scientific practice while minimizing potential exposure or risk in the laboratory setting. The committee concluded that, based on all currently available data, although neurodegenerative disease-associated aggregates of several different non-prion proteins can be propagated from humans to experimental animals, there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest more than a negligible risk, if any, of a direct infectious etiology for the human neurodegenerative disorders defined in part by these proteins. Given the importance of this question, the potential for noninvasive human transmission of proteopathic disorders is deserving of further investigation.
Key Words: Ab, a-Synuclein, Neurodegenerative disease, Propagation, Tau, Transmissibility.
INTRODUCTION
Recent data raise the possibility that classical neurodegenerative diseases share characteristics with prion diseases (1–13). If so, this would be of scientific interest, have potential importance for therapeutic approaches, and, in the extreme case, have public health considerations. A group was convened by the National Institute of Aging to discuss the evidence regarding this hypothesis and the types of remaining data needed to ascertain research priorities toward understanding this phenomenon better.
The characteristics of “prion-like behavior” include (1) evidence for protein-based templated misfolding, leading to amplification of a misfolded species and the formation of proteopathic seeds (this nomenclature has been adopted in accord with a similar conference held among European experts and will be used here as it remains agnostic to disease classification [14]); (2) capacity for “transmissibility” between individuals of the same species and (less commonly) across species, with species barriers often present; (3) generally the existence of polymorphic “strains” defined as having different conformers that lead to differences in neuropathological and clinical phenotypes; (4) the ability to “propagate” or spread along with neural systems which may translate into clinical progression of disease; and (5) striking stability of pathologic aggregates, often with marked protease resistance. We briefly review these issues for the proteopathic seeds that have been described for amyloid-b (Ab) and tau, associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), other tauopathies, and for a-synuclein, associated with Parkinson disease (PD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Given the overlapping features of proteopathic seeds between prion diseases (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia, etc.) and other neurodegenerative protein aggregation disorders, it is reasonable to consider whether research biohazard and clinical safety measures need to be aligned across some or all of these diseases. There is experimental evidence that each of these misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases can behave as proteopathic seeds, but it is critical to understand whether the “potency” of any of these proteopathic seeds is sufficient to pose a risk in laboratory, clinical, or public health contexts. For these reasons, it is essential to address questions about the mechanistic biology of protein aggregation, cell-to-cell transmission and then, by extension, potential broader consequences for investigators, patients, and healthcare providers. We close by focusing on a series of recommendations regarding research risk, experimental data needed for guidance, and comment on the adequacy of “universal precautions” for safeguarding both patients and providers.
AMYLOID BETA
Amyloid beta (Ab) is a small amphipathic peptide that accumulates as amyloid plaques in the neuropil in AD. In vitro, it readily fibrillizes, and in vivo, in mouse experiments, plaques can be seen to nucleate and grow quite quickly (15). Ab fibrils are polymorphic in appearance and biochemical characteristics, with various lengths and morphological characteristics. Advanced biophysical examination of Ab derived from brain tissue of patients with AD shows polymorphic structures (16). There is a typical distribution of plaques in AD brains, with brain areas that are connected among the “default network” typically affected early; in animal models, there has also been some demonstration of “propagation” along neural systems (17, 18) suggesting some axonal transport of seeds that ultimately lead to extracellular deposits. Injection of Ab seeds derived from human AD into a mouse leads to the development of plaques in mice (if they express a human amyloid precursor protein sequence), suggesting to some extent a “species barrier” given the differences in sequence between human and mouse Ab. Recent data suggest that only minute quantities of the “seed” are necessary and that the seed can be introduced directly into the CNS, or peripherally (even intraperitoneally [19]) with consequent development of plaques in the brain months later in vulnerable mice (20). Even wires soaked in Ab containing brain homogenate can initiate and propagate amyloid plaques after intracerebral inoculation in susceptible mice (21). The clearest evidence for potential transmission to humans comes from observations that some cohorts of individuals exposed to cadaveric-derived human growth hormone demonstrated subsequent emergence of amyloid deposition at unexpectedly younger ages (22). Although this finding was consistent with that in another cohort of growth hormone recipients, no deaths attributable to AD were found in a longterm mortality study of the cohort (23, 24). Additionally, there are suggestive data from recipients of dura mater allografts (25–28), as well as in individuals who underwent neurosurgical procedures as children or young adults, developed vascular wall deposition of Ab in the form of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hemorrhage several decades later (8, 29, 30). However, these cases are exceedingly rare, and there is a counter-argument that the “trauma” associated with graft placement has been put forward as a cause of amyloid deposition (31). Neither cadaveric-derived human growth hormone nor dura matter allografts are still manufactured for clinical use, which limits any potential for future exposure risk. Ongoing surveillance of exposed individuals remains important.
TAU
Strong data also suggest that tau becomes misfolded in neurodegenerative diseases including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), some forms of frontotemporal dementia, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and, most commonly, AD (31–37). The consequences of misfolding in each of these diseases are the accumulation of intracytoplasmic aggregates that can be propagated to cells and to animals (38–41). Tau aggregates across these disorders are distinctly misfolded and composed of distinct protein variants such that the distinctive lesions differ in their biochemistry (e.g. isoforms of tau and patterns of hyperphosphorylation), cells affected, the morphology at the light microscopy, electron microscopy (EM), and, recently, cryo-EM appearance. Thus, tau adopts different stable conformations, consistent with the notion of “strains” as may be seen in genetic and phenotypic variation, but also arguably with the concept of genetic and phenotypic diversity, such as seen with different environmental stimuli (39, 42, 43).
Since tau is expressed predominantly in neurons, rather than glial cells, the observation of tau aggregates in astrocytes and oligodendrocyte has been used to support the concept that release of (likely misfolded) tau from neurons (or oligodendroglia [40]) and results in uptake into other cells. The release of tau from neurons as a naturally occurring phenomenon is unequivocally supported by the presence of tau in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A substantial amount of experimental data in cell and mouse models shows that neuron-to-neuron transmission of tau is also possible, and, in experimental systems, can occur on the scale of days to weeks, perhaps even faster. Strong experimental data in cells and mice also suggest that a particular type of misfolded tau can “instruct” wild-type tau molecules to adopt that conformation and engage in templated misfolding (2, 7, 10, 44–47). Unlike classical prion disease, there does not appear to be a large amount of sequence specificity in this regard: human P301L tau and wild-type mouse tau coexist in tau aggregates in transgenic mice, and multiple different isoforms of tau coaggregate in paired helical filaments in AD while in other disorders, such as PSP, tangles contain only a single isoform. A substantial amount of data from cell and mouse models indicates neuron-to-neuron transmission of tau aggregates, and, in experimental systems, this can occur on the scale of days to weeks.
In conclusion, current data suggest that inoculation of misfolded tau derived from human brain tissue into the brain of an experimental animal (generally one that is overexpressing human tau, often in mutant forms) can lead to a tauopathylike picture within months of inoculation, and that this material remains bioactive over generations of mice. Current data in experimental systems suggest that (misfolded) human tau can be taken up by neurons, is amplified by “corrupting” endogenous human or mouse tau through templated misfolding and can be transmitted across neural systems to spread throughout the brain. No current data are available regarding transmissibility of tau in humans.
a-SYNUCLEIN
Like tau, a-synuclein, a natively unfolded protein, becomes misfolded and aggregates in cell inclusions and neurites in neurodegenerative diseases including PD, LBD, MSA, and, not uncommonly, in selected brain regions, in AD. a-Synuclein inclusions may be primarily neuronal as in PD and LBD, but in MSA, oligodendroglial inclusions are prominent. The Braak hypothesis suggests that the anatomical distribution of lesions in PD are linked by connections, perhaps from the gut, supporting a role for propagation of a-synuclein across neural systems (48). More direct evidence for a-synuclein propagation between neurons comes from the striking observation of a few Lewy bodies in grafted fetal neurons in the substantia nigra of Parkinson patients, years after the transplant (49, 50). a-Synuclein proteopathic seeds have been implicated in MSA (51–55). Like tau, the specific molecular misfolding that occurs leads to aggregates that differ in the cells affected, the morphological shape of aggregates at the light microscopy, EM, and, recently, cryo-EM levels where fibril polymorphs are observed (56).
Since, under physiological conditions, a-synuclein is thought to be expressed predominantly in neurons, and not expressed in glial cells, the observation of a-synuclein aggregates in glia suggests release of (likely misfolded) a-synuclein from neurons and uptake into other cells, suggesting at least local propagation. A similar conclusion is drawn from the presence of a-synuclein aggregates in the engrafted fetal neurons placed for potential treatment of PD, a few years after grafting (49, 50). Since multiple different aggregated forms of a-synuclein exist in different diseases, a-synuclein adopts different stable conformations, again consistent with the idea of “strains” as was discussed above for tau. A substantial amount of experimental data in cell and mouse models show that neuron to neuron transmission of a-synuclein is also possible, and, in experimental systems, can occur on a fairly rapid time scale (days) (57–60).
Artificial recombinant a-synuclein fibrils clearly can propagate after being injected into experimental animals (61– 64). a-Synuclein derived from human neuropathological conditions appears to be even more potent, and to some extent replicate the disease phenotype of the brain that the a-synuclein was isolated from, with differential patterns of propagation and inclusions of a-synuclein derived from PD or MSA (see, e.g. [65]). Unlike classical prion disease, there do not appear to be strong species barriers for a-synuclein, with human a-synuclein fibrils causing a-synuclein aggregation in wildtype mice.
Thus, strong data suggest that misfolded human a-synuclein can be taken up by neurons and glial cells, which is amplified by “corrupting” endogenous a-synuclein through templated misfolding and be transmitted across neural systems to spread throughout the brain. However, direct evidence in humans suggesting propagation across cells is limited to the studies of the occurrence of Lewy bodies in fetal neurons in transplants, and the reasoning that oligodendroglial inclusions are likely derived from neuronal a-synuclein; however, there is currently no direct confirmation of human transmission. Moreover, the idea that PD itself reflects intrinsic vulnerability of neural systems, rather than a prion-like spread, has been articulated (66–68) and provides a counter-point to a strict “spreading” hypothesis; this argument can in general be applied to a-synuclein, tau, and Ab.
RESEARCH ISSUES (TISSUE SPECIMENS AND BIO FLUIDS; CELL CULTURE MODELS; ANIMAL MODELS), AND COMPARISON TO PROCEDURES FOR PRION DISEASES
For established prion diseases, there are distinct and greater requirements for handling for animal models, cell culture systems, tissue (both human and animal), and biological fluids in Biosafety level 2 (BL2) facilities (e.g. https://www. phe.gov/s3/BioriskManagement/biosafety/Pages/BiosafetyLevels.aspx; https://www.cdc.gov/labs/pdf/CDC-BiosafetyMicrobiologicalBiomedicalLaboratories-2009-P.PDF), similar to many other circumstances, although decontamination of surfaces and instruments requires special chemicals. Some institutions may require higher levels of biosafety, especially in human research settings. Currently, no comparable guidelines are in place for neurodegenerative disease tissue specimens, biofluids, cell culture, animal model, or biochemical studies beyond good laboratory practices, and, for humanderived specimens, “universal precautions.” While we might argue that being “overly safe” presents minor disadvantages, were requirements comparable to prion disease be put in place for other neurodegenerative disease systems, there could be notable operational and financial burden which might constitute substantial barriers to advancement in the field. Therefore, such requirements should be recommended only with due consideration about whether current procedures are adequate to provide protection. For example, simple formaldehyde fixation does not inactivate proteopathic seeds (69–71), whereas hypochlorous acid appears to be more effective (72). Similarly, there are distinct and more elaborate processes for handling of biospecimens and surgical as well as other instruments (endoscopes, etc.) from individuals with possible prion disease. Again, extending similar precautions to individuals with other neurodegenerative diseases could represent a barrier to care and treatment, particularly given the far greater incidence of diseases, such as AD and PD in the aging population along with the longer prodromal and preclinical phases (years to decades) for many of these diseases when compared with prion diseases. Thus, it is important to address the question as to whether current universal precautions and decontamination/ cleaning methods are adequate to address any transmissibility risk in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, returning to the research arena, the laboratory handling, distribution, and potential exposure to human tissue, and other biospecimens, would need to be addressed in the same manner.
APPLICATION TO PUBLIC HEALTH, RISK TO HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, AND INFORMATION NEEDED FOR PUBLIC POLICY DECISIONS
Importantly, there are little or no clinical data to suggest “infectivity” or “transmissibility” of tau, a-synuclein, or Ab, but direct examination in which research focuses on this point is largely missing. For example, there is no known increased risk of these disorders among those healthcare professionals who might be expected to have increased relative exposure, such as neuropathologists or neurosurgeons, but the data are largely absent rather than negative. Similarly, no epidemiological data suggest that partners or close contacts of affected individuals are at any higher risk than the general public for developing their partner’s disease. It was shown that in a series of cadaveric human growth hormone (hGH) recipients who died of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, none died with Alzheimer or Parkinson neuropathologic changes (24). In contrast, in other series of cadaveric hGH recipients who developed iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, some cases did develop cerebral amyloid angiopathy (22, 23, 73, 74), with one series suggesting that about half of the cases developed at least amyloid deposits around cerebral blood vessels. Thus, the development of amyloid lesions, and the full picture of AD, may well be dissociated. Together, these data suggest that the transmissibility of the AD-related proteopathic seeds, at least in the context of these clinical studies, is less than Creutzfeldt-Jakob prions. Thus, while no clear data currently suggest a public health risk to individuals or physicians, this issue has not been deeply explored.
There are a series of critical questions to be answered about the transmission process that would need to be answered to more definitively assess risk:
• infectivity (titer in tissue, biological fluids; infectious unit);
• stability (time, temperature, freezing/fixation);
• inactivation (fixation, be contaminants);
• anatomic distribution of infectivity (brain versus CSF versus blood versus other tissues); and
• horizontal transmission/environmental exposure.
Issues that require understanding derived from biological experiments include greater insight into the molecular identity of the proteopathic seeds:
• What is the half-life of seeds introduced into animals or cultured cells?
• Can peripheral exposure, under any circumstances (for example with disruption of the blood-brain barrier), lead to CNS access with subsequent spread of proteopathic seeds?
• Do standard neuropathologic handling methods (fixation, tissue processing, etc.) block bioactivity (69, 75, 76)? Initial data suggest, for example, that formaldehyde may not be sufficient for inactivation of proteopathic seeds (53, 69–71).
• What are the stability characteristics of proteopathic seeds?
• How long might proteopathic seeds persist in a host (77), which would require assessment of cumulative risk rather than single exposure risk?
When assessing these characteristics of proteopathic seeds from human tissue, animal and cell culture models, and synthetic material, it is important to ensure that biological assays are used for assessment of potency rather than just their biophysical properties. In addition to the cell-based and animal transmissibility models noted above, distinct cell-free systems that use protein conformational changes as measures of seeding (e.g. RT-QuIC) promise both an ability to discriminate distinct conformational patterns (65); increased sensitivity has become available in recent years (10, 72, 78–87). Optimal assessment of integrity of proteopathic seeds would employ multiple methods, as methods may differ in their sensitivity and it is not possible to determine a priori how such sensitivity in a given assay corresponds to exposure risk.
Such information would be critical to more fully assess potential risk in laboratory settings, and determine if further measures beyond “universal precautions” and common sense used with all human autopsy material to prevent exposure to infectious or toxic materials might be warranted in neurodegenerative disease-focused laboratories or if distinct animal handling requirements were needed for models of neurodegenerative diseases. Issues around the potential broader clinical and public health concerns raised by proteopathic seeds have recently been addressed by a European group, which made a series of proposals based on observations regarding transmissibility of Ab from experimental and clinical settings (14). It remains too early to suggest that comparable approaches should be followed in the setting of other proteins that demonstrate comparable biologic potential, although it is possible that further experimental evidence will guide similar levels of caution. It also remains a task for the scientific community to pursue further studies designed to address the outstanding questions raised above. Information gained from such studies will help more definitively settle the questions of whether neurodegenerative diseases can, under any circumstances, be communicated via proteopathic seeds person to person, in either research or clinical settings.
REFERENCES
snip...end
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol • Volume 79, Number 11, November 2020 Transmissibility of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins
''From a large array of bioassays, we conclude that AD, PD, MSA, and the frontotemporal dementias, including PSP and CBD, are all prion diseases''
11. Arguments for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases caused by prions
Stanley B. Prusiner
Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Professor of Neurology and Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco
ABSTRACT
Arguments for Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) being caused by prions continue to advance with new evidence. Findings in the brains of deceased AD patients argue that both Aβ and tau prions can be demonstrated by bioassays in cultured cells as well as in transgenic (Tg) mice. Likewise, studies of the brains of deceased MSA patients have been found to contain α-synuclein prions by bioassays in cultured cells and Tg mice. Conversely, the brains of AD patients do not contain α-synuclein prions, and the brains of MSA patients do not contain Aβ or tau prions. Additionally, while the brains of patients who died of either progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or corticobasal degeneration (CBD) contained tau prions, neither Aβ nor α-synuclein prions were detectable. Merely measuring the levels of Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein appears to give misleading information about the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). From a large array of bioassays, we conclude that AD, PD, MSA, and the frontotemporal dementias, including PSP and CBD, are all prion diseases. Our findings argue that changes in the conformations of Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein underlie the acquisition of prion infectivity in all of these NDs.
''From a large array of bioassays, we conclude that AD, PD, MSA, and the frontotemporal dementias, including PSP and CBD, are all prion diseases''
Published: 09 September 2015
Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Zane Jaunmuktane, Simon Mead, Matthew Ellis, Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth, Andrew J. Nicoll, Joanna Kenny, Francesca Launchbury, Jacqueline Linehan, Angela Richard-Loendt, A. Sarah Walker, Peter Rudge, John Collinge & Sebastian Brandner
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15369
Re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
>>> The only tenable public line will be that "more research is required’’ <<<
>>> possibility on a transmissible prion remains open<<<
O.K., so it’s about 23 years later, so somebody please tell me, when is "more research is required’’ enough time for evaluation ?
Re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Nature 525, 247?250 (10 September 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15369 Received 26 April 2015 Accepted 14 August 2015 Published online 09 September 2015 Updated online 11 September 2015 Erratum (October, 2015)
snip...see full Singeltary Nature comment here;
Alzheimer's disease
let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease...
Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease
*** Singeltary comment PLoS ***
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT
LANCET
VOLUME 19, ISSUE 10, P872-878, OCTOBER 01, 2020
Potential human transmission of amyloid β pathology: surveillance and risks
Elsa Lauwers, PhD † Giovanna Lalli, PhD † Prof Sebastian Brandner, MD Prof John Collinge, MD Prof Veerle Compernolle, MD Prof Charles Duyckaerts, MD Prof Gustaf Edgren, MD Stéphane Haïk, MD Prof John Hardy, PhD Prof Adel Helmy, FRCS SN Adrian J Ivinson, PhD Zane Jaunmuktane, PhD Prof Mathias Jucker, PhD Prof Richard Knight, FRCP E Robin Lemmens, MD I-Chun Lin, PhD Prof Seth Love, PhD Prof Simon Mead, PhD Prof V Hugh Perry, PhD James Pickett, PhD Prof Guy Poppy, PhD Prof Sheena E Radford, PhD Frederic Rousseau, PhD Carol Routledge, PhD Prof Giampietro Schiavo, PhD Joost Schymkowitz, PhD Prof Dennis J Selkoe, MD Prof Colin Smith, PhD Prof Dietmar R Thal, MD Tom Theys, MD Prof Pierre Tiberghien, MD Peter van den Burg, MD Prof Philippe Vandekerckhove, MD Clare Walton, PhD Prof Hans L Zaaijer, MD Prof Henrik Zetterberg, PhD Prof Bart De Strooper, MD
Published:October, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30238-6
Summary
Studies in experimental animals show transmissibility of amyloidogenic proteins associated with prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Although these data raise potential concerns for public health, convincing evidence for human iatrogenic transmission only exists for prions and amyloid β after systemic injections of contaminated growth hormone extracts or dura mater grafts derived from cadavers. Even though these procedures are now obsolete, some reports raise the possibility of iatrogenic transmission of amyloid β through putatively contaminated neurosurgical equipment. Iatrogenic transmission of amyloid β might lead to amyloid deposition in the brain parenchyma and blood vessel walls, potentially resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy after several decades. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy can cause life-threatening brain haemorrhages; yet, there is no proof that the transmission of amyloid β can also lead to Alzheimer's dementia. Large, long-term epidemiological studies and sensitive, cost-efficient tools to detect amyloid are needed to better understand any potential routes of amyloid β transmission and to clarify whether other similar proteopathic seeds, such as tau or α-synuclein, can also be transferred iatrogenically.
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Background
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.
Methods
Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.
Results
I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.
Conclusions
There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.
end...tss
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018
Transmission of amyloid-β protein pathology from cadaveric pituitary growth hormone
Published: 09 September 2015
Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Zane Jaunmuktane, Simon Mead, Matthew Ellis, Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth, Andrew J. Nicoll, Joanna Kenny, Francesca Launchbury, Jacqueline Linehan, Angela Richard-Loendt, A. Sarah Walker, Peter Rudge, John Collinge & Sebastian Brandner
IN CONFIDENCE
5 NOVEMBER 1992
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES
[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication.
There are also results to be made available shortly
(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals,
(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and
(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]
re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Nature 525, 247?250 (10 September 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15369 Received 26 April 2015 Accepted 14 August 2015 Published online 09 September 2015 Updated online 11 September 2015 Erratum (October, 2015)
Singeltary Comment at very bottom of this Nature publishing;
re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
I would kindly like to comment on the Nature Paper, the Lancet reply, and the newspaper articles.
First, I applaud Nature, the Scientist and Authors of the Nature paper, for bringing this important finding to the attention of the public domain, and the media for printing said findings.
Secondly, it seems once again, politics is getting in the way possibly of more important Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion scientific findings. findings that could have great implications for human health, and great implications for the medical surgical arena. but apparently, the government peer review process, of the peer review science, tries to intervene again to water down said disturbing findings.
where have we all heard this before? it's been well documented via the BSE Inquiry. have they not learned a lesson from the last time?
we have seen this time and time again in England (and other Country's) with the BSE mad cow TSE Prion debacle.
That 'anonymous' Lancet editorial was disgraceful. The editor, Dick Horton is not a scientist.
The pituitary cadavers were very likely elderly and among them some were on their way to CJD or Alzheimer's. Not a bit unusual. Then the recipients ?
who got pooled extracts injected from thousands of cadavers ? were 100% certain to have been injected with both seeds. No surprise that they got both diseases going after thirty year incubations.
That the UK has a "system in place to assist science journalists" to squash embargoed science reports they find 'alarming' is pathetic.
Sounds like the journalists had it right in the first place: 'Alzheimer's may be a transmissible infection' in The Independent to 'You can catch Alzheimer's' in The Daily Mirror or 'Alzheimer's bombshell' in The Daily Express
if not for the journalist, the layperson would not know about these important findings.
where would we be today with sound science, from where we were 30 years ago, if not for the cloak of secrecy and save the industry at all cost mentality?
when you have a peer review system for science, from which a government constantly circumvents, then you have a problem with science, and humans die.
to date, as far as documented body bag count, with all TSE prion named to date, that count is still relatively low (one was too many in my case, Mom hvCJD), however that changes drastically once the TSE Prion link is made with Alzheimer's, the price of poker goes up drastically.
so, who makes that final decision, and how many more decades do we have to wait?
the iatrogenic mode of transmission of TSE prion, the many routes there from, load factor, threshold from said load factor to sub-clinical disease, to clinical disease, to death, much time is there to spread a TSE Prion to anywhere, but whom, by whom, and when, do we make that final decision to do something about it globally? how many documented body bags does it take? how many more decades do we wait? how many names can we make up for one disease, TSE prion?
Professor Collinge et al, and others, have had troubles in the past with the Government meddling in scientific findings, that might in some way involve industry, never mind human and or animal health.
FOR any government to continue to circumvent science for monetary gain, fear factor, or any reason, shame, shame on you.
in my opinion, it's one of the reasons we are at where we are at to date, with regards to the TSE Prion disease science i.e. money, industry, politics, then comes science, in that order.
greed, corporate, lobbyist there from, and government, must be removed from the peer review process of sound science, it's bad enough having them in the pharmaceutical aspect of healthcare policy making, in my opinion.
my mother died from confirmed hvCJD, and her brother (my uncle) Alzheimer's of some type (no autopsy?). just made a promise, never forget, and never let them forget, before I do.
I kindly wish to remind the public of the past, and a possible future we all hopes never happens again. ...
[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. There are also results to be made available shortly (1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, (2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer's and (3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]
Singeltary Comment at very bottom of this Nature publishing;
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 2019
In Alzheimer's Mice, Decades-Old Human Cadaveric Pituitary Growth Hormone Samples Can Transmit and Seed Amyloid-Beta Pathology
Subject: CWD GSS TSE PRION SPINAL CORD, Confucius Ponders, What if?
REVIEW
***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***
***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<***
***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***
***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<***
***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***
Saturday, February 2, 2019
CWD GSS TSE PRION SPINAL CORD, Confucius Ponders, What if?
Friday, January 29, 2016
Synucleinopathies: Past, Present and Future, iatrogenic, what if?
FRIDAY, JANUARY 10, 2014
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what it ???
Greetings Friends, Neighbors, and Colleagues,
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what it ???
Confucius is confused again.
I was just sitting and thinking about why there is no genetic link to some of these TSE prion sGSS, sFFi, and it’s really been working on my brain, and then it hit me today.
what if, vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE prion disease, was a by-product from iatrogenic gss, ffi, familial type prion disease ???
it could explain the cases of no genetic link to the gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, to the family.
sporadic and familial is a red herring, in my opinion, and underestimation is spot on, due to the crude prehistoric diagnostic procedures and criteria and definition of a prion disease.
I say again, what if, iatrogenic, what if, with all these neurological disorders, with a common denominator that is increasingly showing up in the picture, called the prion.
I urge all scientist to come together here, with this as the utmost of importance about all these neurological disease that are increasingly showing up as a prion mechanism, to put on the front burners, the IATROGENIC aspect and the potential of transmission there from, with diseases/disease??? in question.
by definition, could they be a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion type disease, and if so, what are the iatrogenic chances of transmission?
this is very important, and should be at the forefront of research, and if proven, could be a monumental breakthrough in science and battle against the spreading of these disease/diseases.
the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health pub-med site, a quick search of the word SPORADIC will give you a hit of 40,747. of those, there are a plethora of disease listed under sporadic. sporadic simply means (UNKNOWN).
the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health pub-med site, a quick search of the word FAMILIAL will give you a hit of 921,815. of those, there are a plethora of disease listed under familial.
again, sporadic and familial is a red herring, in my opinion.
also, in my opinion, when you start have disease such as sporadic Fatal Familial Insomnia, (and or sporadic GSS, or the VPSPr type prion disease), and there is NO familial genetic linkage to the family of the diseased, I have serious questions there as to a familial type disease, and thus, being defined as such.
snip...see full text;
Friday, January 10, 2014
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what it ???
MONDAY, APRIL 8, 2019
Studies Further Support Transmissibility of Alzheimer Disease–Associated Proteins
''From a large array of bioassays, we conclude that AD, PD, MSA, and the frontotemporal dementias, including PSP and CBD, are all prion diseases''
11. Arguments for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases caused by prions
Stanley B. Prusiner
Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Professor of Neurology and Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco
ABSTRACT
Arguments for Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) being caused by prions continue to advance with new evidence. Findings in the brains of deceased AD patients argue that both Aβ and tau prions can be demonstrated by bioassays in cultured cells as well as in transgenic (Tg) mice. Likewise, studies of the brains of deceased MSA patients have been found to contain α-synuclein prions by bioassays in cultured cells and Tg mice. Conversely, the brains of AD patients do not contain α-synuclein prions, and the brains of MSA patients do not contain Aβ or tau prions. Additionally, while the brains of patients who died of either progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or corticobasal degeneration (CBD) contained tau prions, neither Aβ nor α-synuclein prions were detectable. Merely measuring the levels of Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein appears to give misleading information about the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). From a large array of bioassays, we conclude that AD, PD, MSA, and the frontotemporal dementias, including PSP and CBD, are all prion diseases. Our findings argue that changes in the conformations of Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein underlie the acquisition of prion infectivity in all of these NDs.
P132 Aged cattle brain displays Alzheimer’s-like pathology that can be propagated in a prionlike manner
Ines Moreno-Gonzalez (1), George Edwards III (1), Rodrigo Morales (1), Claudia Duran-Aniotz (1), Mercedes Marquez (2), Marti Pumarola (2), Claudio Soto (1)
snip...
These results may contribute to uncover a previously unsuspected etiology surrounding some cases of sporadic AD. However, the early and controversial stage of the field of prion-like transmission in non-prion diseases added to the artificial nature of the animal models utilized for these studies, indicate that extrapolation of the results to humans should not be done without further experiments.
P75 Determining transmissibility and proteome changes associated with abnormal bovine prionopathy
Dudas S (1,2), Seuberlich T (3), Czub S (1,2)
In prion diseases, it is believed that altered protein conformation encodes for different pathogenic strains. Currently 3 different strains of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are confirmed. Diagnostic tests for BSE are able to identify animals infected with all 3 strains, however, several diagnostic laboratories have reported samples with inconclusive results which are challenging to classify. It was suggested that these may be novel strains of BSE; to determine transmissibility, brain material from index cases were inoculated into cattle.
In the first passage, cattle were intra-cranially challenged with brain homogenate from 2 Swiss animals with abnormal prionopathy. The challenged cattle incubated for 3 years and were euthanized with no clinical signs of neurologic disease. Animals were negative when tested on validated diagnostic tests but several research methods demonstrated changes in the prion conformation in these cattle, including density gradient centrifugation and immunohistochemistry. Currently, samples from the P1 animals are being tested for changes in protein levels using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that, if a prionopathy is present, this approach should identify pathways and targets to decipher the source of altered protein conformation. In addition, a second set of cattle have been challenged with brain material from the first passage. Ideally, these cattle will be given a sufficient incubation period to provide a definitive answer to the question of transmissibility.
=====prion 2018===
prion conference 2018
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
To the Editor:
In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally..
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex
1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.
RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States
Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically)
Published March 26, 2003
26 March 2003
Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?
However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented...
Singeltary et al
Volume 26, Number 8—August 2020
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease among Physicians, Germany, 1993–2018 high proportion of physicians with sCJD were surgeons
SUNDAY, JULY 19, 2020
Joseph J. Zubak Orthopaedic surgeon passed away Monday, July 6, 2020, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 29, 2019
Variant CJD 18 years of research and surveillance
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2019
Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, sporadic spontaneous CJD and the TSE Prion December 14, 2019
22 years, rip mom dod 12/14/97 confirmed hvcjd, just made a promise to mom, and you don't break those promises, never forget, and never let them forget, before we all do...this pearl's for you! love terry
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 06, 2019
Disinfection of Multi-Use Ocular Equipment for Ophthalmological Procedures: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines
all iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, before the iatrogenic event is discovered, traced back, provern, documented, put into the academic domain, and then finally the public domain, this very seldom happens, thus problem solved, it's all sporadic cjd, PLUS, SPORADIC CJD HAS NOW BEEN LINKED TO ATYPICAL AND TYPICAL BSE, SCRAPIE, AND NOW CWD. ...terry
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what if ???
Greetings Friends, Neighbors, and Colleagues,
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was identified in a technician who had cut her thumb while handling brain sections of mice infected with adapted BSE 7.5 years earlier. The long incubation period was similar to that of the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease.
TO THE EDITOR:
We report a case of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) that was plausibly related to accidental occupational exposure in a technician who had handled murine samples contaminated with the agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 7.5 years earlier.
In May 2010, when the patient was 24 years of age, she worked in a prion research laboratory, where she handled frozen sections of brain of transgenic mice that overexpressed the human prion protein with methionine at codon 129. The mice had been infected with a sheep-adapted form of BSE. During this process, she stabbed her thumb through a double pair of latex gloves with the sharp ends of a curved forceps used to handle the samples. Bleeding was noted at the puncture site.
In November 2017, she began having burning pain in the right shoulder and neck. The pain worsened and spread to the right half of her body during the following 6 months. In November 2018, an examination of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the patient was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a slight increase in the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal in the caudates and thalami (Fig. S1A and S1B in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). In January 2019, she became depressed and anxious and had memory impairment and visual hallucinations. There was hypertonia on the right side of her body. At that time, an analysis of CSF for 14-3-3 protein was negative. In March 2019, MRI showed an increased FLAIR signal in pulvinar and dorsomedial nuclei of thalami (Fig. S1C through S1E).
The patient was found to be homozygous for methionine at codon 129 of the prion protein gene without mutation. An analysis of a sample of CSF on real-time quaking-induced conversion analysis was negative for a diagnosis of sporadic CJD. However, an analysis of plasma and CSF by means of protein misfolding cyclic amplification was positive for the diagnosis of variant CJD (Figure 1A and 1B). The patient died 19 months after the onset of symptoms. Neuropathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of variant CJD (Figure 1C and 1D). Western blot analysis showed the presence of type 2B protease-resistant prion protein in all sampled brain areas. The clinical characteristics of the patient and the postmortem neuropathological features were similar to those observed in 27 patients with variant CJD who had previously been reported in France.1 (Additional details are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.)
There are two potential explanations for this patient’s condition. Oral transmission from contaminated cattle products cannot be ruled out because the patient was born at the beginning of the French BSE outbreak in cattle. However, the last two patients who had confirmed variant CJD with methionine homozygosity at codon 129 in France and the United Kingdom died in 2014 and 2013, respectively, which makes oral transmission unlikely. In France, the risk of variant CJD in 2019 was negligible or nonexistent in the post-1969 birth cohort.2
Percutaneous exposure to prion-contaminated material is plausible in this patient, since the prion strain that she had handled was consistent with the development of variant CJD.3 The 7.5-year delay between the laboratory accident and her clinical symptoms is congruent with the incubation period in the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease. The ability of this strain to propagate through the peripheral route has been documented, and experimental studies with scrapie strains have shown that scarification and subcutaneous inoculation are effective routes.4,5 The last known Italian patient with variant CJD, who died in 2016, had had occupational contact with BSE-infected brain tissues, although subsequent investigation did not disclose a laboratory accident (Pocchiari M, Italian Registry of CJD: personal communication). Thus, the last two cases of variant CJD outside the United Kingdom have been associated with potential occupational exposure. Such cases highlight the need for improvements in the prevention of transmission of variant CJD and other prions that can affect humans in the laboratory and neurosurgery settings, as outlined in the Supplementary Appendix.
Jean-Philippe Brandel, M.D. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
M. Bustuchina Vlaicu, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Nord-Essonne, Orsay, France
Audrey Culeux, B.Sc. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France
Maxime Belondrade, M.Sc. Daisy Bougard, Ph.D. Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
Katarina Grznarova, Ph.D. Angeline Denouel, M.Sc. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France
Isabelle Plu, M.D. Elodie Bouaziz-Amar, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Danielle Seilhean, M.D., Ph.D. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
Michèle Levasseur, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Nord-Essonne, Orsay, France
Stéphane Haïk, M.D., Ph.D. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France stephane.haik@upmc.fr
Supported by a grant (ANR-10-IAIHU-06) from Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir and Santé Publique France.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.
July 2, 2020 N Engl J Med 2020; 383:83-85 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2000687
Supplementary Appendix
This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Brandel J-P, Vlaicu MB, Culeux A, et al. Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease diagnosed 7.5 years after occupational exposure. N Engl J Med 2020;383:83-5. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2000687
Full case report
A woman, born in 1986, with only a medical history of dental avulsion and the removal of a nevus started to complain, in November 2017, of burning pain in the right shoulder and the right side of the neck. Over the next 6 months, the pain worsened and spread to the right half-body including the buttocks, the back of the thigh and the foot sole, and the face with ear pain. After several consultations, a first hospital assessment was carried out in November 2018. CSF examination was normal and brain MRI interpreted as normal despite slight high signals in the caudate nucleus and thalami (Supplementary figure 1). The diagnosis of Lyme disease was suspected and treatment with ceftriaxone was initiated. Pain persisted and the patient who was showing signs of depression was referred to a psychiatrist for antidepressant treatment. Memory impairment was noted by relatives in January 2019 and the patient was admitted to a neurology department in February 2019. Right extrapyramidal hypertonia, visual hallucinations and memory problems of recent events were observed. Neurological alterations were associated with severe anxiety. Inflammatory markers, biological and immunological assessments were normal. Serology for conventional agents was negative. Detection of anti-neuronal, anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroidstimulating hormone receptor antibodies yielded negative results. Vitamin B1 and B6 levels were within normal limits. Standard CSF analysis was normal and 14-3-3 protein detection was negative. MRI from mid-March 2019 showed a high signal on the FLAIR sequences in the pulvinar and dorsomedian nuclei of the thalamus, bilaterally, more intense than those observed in the striatum (Supplementary figure 1). A generally slow activity was observed on EEGs. PRNP analysis revealed a homozygous methionine-methionine (MM) genotype at codon 129 without mutation. At this time, the patient fulfilled criteria of probable vCJD. Two different protein misfolding amplification methods were performed. As predicted in a suspected case of vCJD, RT-QuIC detection in the CSF gave a negative result.1 A PMCA test, recently validated for the diagnosis of vCJD in plasma and CSF was performed.2,3 PMCA detection was positive in plasma and CSF. Evolution was marked by the
3
worsening of cognitive impairment, a small step with balance disorders and an extrapyramidal syndrome.
The patient died 19 months after disease onset.
Neuropathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of vCJD by showing typical florid plaques in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Spongiform changes, gliosis and neuronal loss were predominantly observed in the subcortical gray matter. In addition, PrP immunohistochemistry showed multicentric plaques, clumpses, peri-cellular and peri-vascular PrP deposition (Supplementary figure 2). Western blot detection of PrPres was positive and type 2B PrPres was consistently detected in all studied brain areas.
The epidemiological survey revealed that the patient had been employed from 2009 to 2012 in a laboratory involved in prion research. In particular, she has worked on transgenic animal models expressing human and bovine PrP and infected with strains of human or bovine prions. The patient had two work accidents. In May 2010, she stabbed her thumb with sharp ends curved forceps used to handle brain frozen sections of humanized transgenic mice infected with a sheep-adapted BSE agent. The mouse brain handled at the time of the accident was from a secondary intra-cerebral subpassage of sheep BSE in transgenic mice overexpressing a methionine 129-human PrP. To note transmission studies indicate a low or absent transmission barrier to sheep BSE in human M129-PrP mice. The neuropathological phenotype is similar to that observed in mice infected with cattle BSE or vCJD suggesting that sheep-BSE could act as a causal vCJD agent especially in codon 129-methionine homozygotes.
4,5 The patient immediately noticed a bleeding wound. After leaving the level 3 biosafety laboratory, the wounded finger was cleaned with water and immersed for more than ten minutes in a freshly diluted 2% sodium hypochlorite solution. The second accident occurred in September 2011 in a conventional laboratory with no contact with infectious prion material. No other risk factors were identified with the exception, as most French people in her age cohort, a dietary exposure from 1986 to 1996 to bovine products with a BSE risk.
4
Methods
Clinical and epidemiological data As with all other cases of French vCJD, a direct interview with the patient’s family was conducted. Clinical data were extracted from the medical records and further information was collected using the European network (EuroCJD) questionnaire. The data collected were gender, age at onset and death, clinical features, results of investigations, and specific medical risk factors. These included history of growth hormone therapy, transplantation, surgery, blood transfusion, blood products therapy (albumin, immunoglobulin, clotting factors), vaccinations, professional activity, and stays in UK. The reports of the two accidents at work were collected. Additional data were obtained from the authorities of the research institute. They explained precisely how the patient had been injured, the biological materials handled and how the wounds had been disinfected and treated. Genetic analysis The prion protein gene (PRNP) was analyzed as described previously to obtain the genotype at codon 129 and to exclude a pathogenic mutation.6 An informed consent for genetic analysis was obtained from the patient's husband.
Neuropathological analysis
Samples were taken from 1cm-thick coronal sections after two months of fixation in 10% formalin as described previously.7 After formic acid treatment, specimens were embedded in paraffin. Threemicrometer-thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) methods. PrP immunohistochemistry was performed using the 12F10 mouse monoclonal antibody.8,9 Biochemical analysis PrPres analysis by Western blot was performed from frozen samples of the brain. Tissue homogenization, digestion with proteinase K, purification, electrophoresis and immunoblotting were
5
done as described previously.10 The biochemical classification according to Parchi and colleagues was used.11
Amplification methods
RT-QuIC analysis in the CSF was performed using hamster full-length (23–231) recombinant PrP as previously described.12 Thirty µl of CSF per well were added and analysis was performed in quadruplicate using a BMG-LABTECH Omega. PMCA amplification in plasma and CSF was performed as described by using brains from transgenic mice overexpressing human M129-PrP as substrate.2,3 For plasma samples, a capture of abnormal PrP using plasminogen-coated magnetic nanobeads was performed before serial amplification. Each round of PMCA comprised 80 cycles of 30 min incubation/20 s sonication. Implications If one considers our patient as a case of a documented accidental transmission of CJD in a research laboratory, several important points should be stressed:
- A single puncture without hollow needle containing infectious material is sufficient to transmit prions in human even with a short contact.
- The incubation period is similar to that seen in MM patients with transfusion-transmitted vCJD, suggesting that the level of accidentally delivered infectious dose is in the same range as that contained in a unit of non-leukodepleted red blood cells.
- Immersing this type of lesion in a freshly diluted 2% sodium hypochlorite solution was not sufficient to prevent contamination. Important consequences in terms of prevention of occupational risks and public health issue associated with prions should be underlined:
6
- Individual protection against accidental wounds should be reinforced in research laboratories, neuropathology department and autopsy rooms. Neurosurgery teams should take the risk into account, especially when a cortical biopsy is performed to explore patients with unexplained encephalopathy. This implies accurate information and training of exposed professionals.
- The efficacy of decontamination procedures to be applied in case of accidental exposure has not been demonstrated using adequate in vivo models of transmission. A more aggressive postexposure management is to be defined and validated experimentally.
- The mechanisms of prion neuro-invasion in this specific scenario are unknown and may involve prion propagation through (1) the peripheral innervation of digital pulp, (2) an up-take by phagocytes driving prion replication in the lymphoid system followed by propagation via the autonomous nervous system or (3) blood transport.
- No preventive treatment is available to date. While a few approaches that may limit peripheral prion propagation and neuro-invasion have been proposed (such as corticoids and pentosan polysulfate), their efficiency in such a transmission pattern and in the use of relevant prion strains has to be confirmed.
7
References
1. Zanusso G, Monaco S, Pocchiari M, Caughey B. Advanced tests for early and accurate diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2016;12:325-33.
2. Bougard D, Brandel JP, Belondrade M, et al. Detection of prions in the plasma of presymptomatic and symptomatic patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Science translational medicine 2016;8:370ra182.
3. Bougard D, Belondrade M, Mayran C, et al. Diagnosis of Methionine/Valine Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification. Emerging infectious diseases 2018;24:1364-6.
4. Plinston C, Hart P, Chong A, et al. Increased susceptibility of human-PrP transgenic mice to bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection following passage in sheep. Journal of virology 2011;85:1174-81.
5. Joiner S, Asante EA, Linehan JM, et al. Experimental sheep BSE prions generate the vCJD phenotype when serially passaged in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. J Neurol Sci 2018;386:4-11.
6. Laplanche JL, Delasnerie-Lauprêtre N, Brandel JP, et al. Molecular genetics of prion diseases in France. Neurology 1994;44:2347-51.
7. Hauw JJ, Sazdovitch V, Laplanche JL, et al. Neuropathologic variants of sporadic CreutzfeldtJakob disease and codon 129 of PrP gene. Neurology 2000;54:1641-6.
8. Haik S, Faucheux BA, Sazdovitch V, et al. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Nature medicine 2003;9:1121-3.
9. Privat N, Laffont-Proust I, Faucheux BA, et al. Human prion diseases: from antibody screening to a standardized fast immunodiagnosis using automation. Mod Pathol 2008;21:140-9.
8
10. Levavasseur E, Laffont-Proust I, Morain E, et al. Regulating factors of PrP glycosylation in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease--implications for the dissemination and the diagnosis of human prion strains. PloS one 2008;3:e2786.
11. Parchi P, Notari S, Weber P, et al. Inter-laboratory assessment of PrPSc typing in creutzfeldtjakob disease: a Western blot study within the NeuroPrion Consortium. Brain pathology 2009;19:384- 91.
12. McGuire LI, Poleggi A, Poggiolini I, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid real-time quaking-induced conversion is a robust and reliable test for sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease: An international study. Annals of neurology 2016;80:160-5.
snip...
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was identified in a technician who had cut her thumb while handling brain sections of mice infected with adapted BSE 7.5 years earlier. The long incubation period was similar to that of the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease.
Monday, August 17, 2009
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents: Safe Working and the Prevention of Infection: Annex J,K, AND D Published: 2009
TUESDAY, AUGUST 12, 2008
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories Fifth Edition 2007 (occupational exposure to prion diseases)
re-Human Prion Diseases in the United States Posted by flounder on 01 Jan 2010 at 18:11 GMT
Research articles Health professions and risk of sporadic Creutzfeldt– Jakob disease, 1965 to 2010
15. Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Doctor Antonio Ruiz Villaespesa, pathologist and CJD researcher deceased because of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease SPAIN. 21 Apr 2009. [Accessed 11 Apr 2012]. In: Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD [blog]. Available from:
SUNDAY, OCTOBER 27, 2013
A Kiss of a Prion: New Implications for Oral Transmissibility
THURSDAY, MAY 17, 2012
Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Final Assessment Volume 18, Number 6—June 2012
Thursday, April 12, 2012
Health professions and risk of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 1965 to 2010
Eurosurveillance, Volume 17, Issue 15, 12 April 2012
Research articles
Saturday, January 16, 2010
*** Evidence For CJD TSE Transmission Via Endoscopes 1-24-3 re-Singeltary to Bramble et al
Evidence For CJD/TSE Transmission Via Endoscopes
From Terry S. Singletary, Sr flounder@wt.net 1-24-3
Terry S. Singeltary Sr., P.O. , Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA
Professor Michael Farthing wrote:
*** Louise Send this to Bramble (author) for a comment before we post. Michael
Wednesday, August 20, 2008
Tonometer disinfection practice in the United Kingdom: A national survey
Tuesday, August 12, 2008
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories Fifth Edition 2007 (occupational exposure to prion diseases)
Monday, December 31, 2007
Risk Assessment of Transmission of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Endodontic Practice in Absence of Adequate Prion Inactivation
Subject: CJD: update for dental staff
Date: November 12, 2006 at 3:25 pm PST
1: Dent Update. 2006 Oct;33(8):454-6, 458-60.
CJD: update for dental staff.
MONDAY, JANUARY 14, 2019
Evaluation of iatrogenic risk of CJD transmission associated with Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion in Texas TAHC TPWD
FRIDAY, JANUARY 31, 2020
CJD TSE Prion Blood Products, iatrogenic transmission, Confucius is confused again, WHAT IF? Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307
CJD TSE Prion Blood Products, iatrogenic transmission, Confucius is confused again, WHAT IF?
Confucius is confused again?
''The rare genetic forms of CJD (e.g., fCJD, GSS, FFI) share pathophysiological features with sCJD, and the transmission risk by blood components remains theoretical. Consequently, we recommend that establishments may stop asking prospective donors about having blood relatives with CJD.''
YET, vpspr, sporadic FFI, sporadic GSS, or the pending cases that can't be identified, are all now listed as sporadic CJD.
WHAT IF, sGSS, sFFI, are of an iatrogenic event from iatrogenic donor being from GSS or FFI?
what if vpspr is another strain of a different sporadic CJD, or familial? see;
7Includes 21 (21 from 2019) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.
8The sporadic cases include 3831 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 67 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI).
9Total does not include 264 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only.
under new proposed guidelines ''we recommend that establishments may stop asking prospective donors about having blood relatives with CJD'' (of which i strongly oppose due to the fact sporadic cjd is not a single entity or a spontaneous event, never which have been proven), but under these guidelines, you will miss the vpspr, sgss, and sffi, because they are under sporadic cjd terminology, would you not?
The occurrence of the disease in a patient who had contact with cases of familial C.J.D., but was not genetically related, has been described in Chile (Galvez et al., 1980) and in France (Brown et al., 1979b). In Chile the patient was related by marriage, but with no consanguinity, and had social contact with subsequently affected family members for 13 years before developing the disease. The contact case in France also married into a family in which C.J.D. was prevalent and had close contact with an affected member. In neither instance did the spouse of the non-familial case have the disease. The case described in this report was similarly related to affected family members and social contact had occurred for 20 years prior to developing C.J.D. If contact transmission had occurred, the minimum transmission period would be 11 years. Contact between sporadic cases has not been described and it is remarkable that possible contact transmissions have all been with familial cases. No method of transmission by casual social contact has been suggested.
WHAT IF?
***The occurrence of contact cases raises the possibility that transmission in families may be effected by an unusually virulent strain of the agent.
snip...see full text here;
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Woman Married Into a Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Family: An Investigation of Prions Transmission via Microchimerism
Aušrinė Areškevičiūtė, MSc, Linea Cecilie Melchior, PhD, Helle Broholm, MD, Lars-Henrik Krarup, MD, PhD, Suzanne Granhøj Lindquist, MD, PhD, Peter Johansen, PhD, Neil McKenzie, PhD, Alison Green, PhD, Jørgen Erik Nielsen, MD, PhD, Henning Laursen, Dr.Med, Eva Løbner Lund, MD, PhD Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, Volume 77, Issue 8, August 2018, Pages 673–684, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nly043 Published: 07 June 2018
DISCUSSION
This is the first report of presumed sporadic CJD occurring in a person who married into a GSS family. The estimated prevalence of GSS is in the range of 2–5 per 100 million people worldwide, and the annual mortality rate for sCJD in Denmark is 1.46 per 1 million people (31). The population of Denmark consists of 5 740 185 individuals, and there are 2 registered GSS cases that belong to the same family. The Danish GSS family is only the thirty-fourth known GSS family in the world (32). One could assume that the risk for a Danish man with GSS to have a wife or a mother who would develop CJD in her seventies is as high as for any other man. On the basis of the mortality rate for sCJD, and assuming that the incidence of sCJD is the same among married and unmarried people, we could state that 1 man out of 684 932 men has a risk of marrying a woman who would develop CJD. However, in this case, the man a priori had GSS, which means that it would take 1 man out of 684 932 men with GSS for such a pairing to occur. Considering the worldwide rarity of GSS cases, the likelihood for co-occurrence of GSS and sCJD in one family is hence very low and warrants an investigation for the possible transmission of prions routes.
Volume 25, Number 1—January 2019
Research
Variable Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy Transmission to Bank Vol
Romolo Nonno1, Silvio Notari1, Michele Angelo Di Bari, Ignazio Cali, Laura Pirisinu, Claudia d’Agostino, Laura Cracco, Diane Kofskey, Ilaria Vanni, Jody Lavrich, Piero Parchi, Umberto Agrimi, and Pierluigi GambettiComments to Author
Author affiliations: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (R. Nonno, M.A. Di Bari, L. Pirisinu, C. d’Agostino, I. Vanni, U. Agrimi); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA (S. Notari, I. Cali, L. Cracco, D. Kofskey, J. Lavrich, P. Gambetti); University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy (P. Parchi); Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna (P. Parchi)
***> However, the VPSPr prion shares the multiplicity of the resPrPD electrophoretic bands with prions from a subset of inherited prion diseases referred to as Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), prompting the suggestion that VPSPr is the sporadic form of GSS (7,10). Furthermore, the presence of small amounts of sCJD-like 3-band resPrPD has also been signaled in VPSPr (6,11,12).
Subject: CWD GSS TSE PRION SPINAL CORD, Confucius Ponders, What if?
Saturday, February 2, 2019
CWD GSS TSE PRION SPINAL CORD, Confucius Ponders, What if?
snip...
***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***
REVIEW
***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***
***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<***
***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***
***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<***
***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***
Thursday, March 8, 2018
Familial human prion diseases associated with prion protein mutations Y226X and G131V are transmissible to transgenic mice expressing human prion protein
Saturday, February 2, 2019
CWD GSS TSE PRION SPINAL CORD, Confucius Ponders, What if?
FRIDAY, JANUARY 31, 2020
CJD TSE Prion Blood Products, iatrogenic transmission, Confucius is confused again, WHAT IF? Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307
THURSDAY, JANUARY 30, 2020
Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307 Recommendations to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Blood and Blood Components; Draft Guidance for Industry Draft Guidance for Industry Singeltary Submission
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019
Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 04, 2019
Three Cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease with Visual Disturbances as Initial Manifestation
Friday, September 27, 2019
Prion disease and recommended procedures for flexible endoscope reprocessing – a review of policies worldwide and proposal for a simplified approach
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019
Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 2019
National Variability in Prion Disease–Related Safety Policies for Neurologic Procedures
Wednesday, September 11, 2019
Is the re-use of sterilized implant abutments safe enough? (Implant abutment safety) iatrogenic TSE Prion
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 06, 2019
Disinfection of Multi-Use Ocular Equipment for Ophthalmological Procedures: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines
MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 2019
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, TSE, Prion, Surveillance Update August 2019
SUNDAY, MARCH 10, 2019
National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated Feb 1, 2019 Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy VPSPr
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Background
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.
Methods
Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.
Results
I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.
Conclusions
There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.
end...tss
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018
Transmission of amyloid-β protein pathology from cadaveric pituitary growth hormone
Published: 09 September 2015
Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Zane Jaunmuktane, Simon Mead, Matthew Ellis, Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth, Andrew J. Nicoll, Joanna Kenny, Francesca Launchbury, Jacqueline Linehan, Angela Richard-Loendt, A. Sarah Walker, Peter Rudge, John Collinge & Sebastian Brandner
Re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
>>> The only tenable public line will be that "more research is required’’ <<<
>>> possibility on a transmissible prion remains open<<<
O.K., so it’s about 23 years later, so somebody please tell me, when is "more research is required’’ enough time for evaluation ?
Re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Nature 525, 247?250 (10 September 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15369 Received 26 April 2015 Accepted 14 August 2015 Published online 09 September 2015 Updated online 11 September 2015 Erratum (October, 2015)
snip...see full Singeltary Nature comment here;
Alzheimer's disease
let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease...
Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease
*** Singeltary comment PLoS ***
Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?
Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT
IN CONFIDENCE
5 NOVEMBER 1992
TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES
[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication.
There are also results to be made available shortly
(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals,
(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and
(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]
re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Nature 525, 247?250 (10 September 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15369 Received 26 April 2015 Accepted 14 August 2015 Published online 09 September 2015 Updated online 11 September 2015 Erratum (October, 2015)
Singeltary Comment at very bottom of this Nature publishing;
re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
I would kindly like to comment on the Nature Paper, the Lancet reply, and the newspaper articles.
First, I applaud Nature, the Scientist and Authors of the Nature paper, for bringing this important finding to the attention of the public domain, and the media for printing said findings.
Secondly, it seems once again, politics is getting in the way possibly of more important Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion scientific findings. findings that could have great implications for human health, and great implications for the medical surgical arena. but apparently, the government peer review process, of the peer review science, tries to intervene again to water down said disturbing findings.
where have we all heard this before? it's been well documented via the BSE Inquiry. have they not learned a lesson from the last time?
we have seen this time and time again in England (and other Country's) with the BSE mad cow TSE Prion debacle.
That 'anonymous' Lancet editorial was disgraceful. The editor, Dick Horton is not a scientist.
The pituitary cadavers were very likely elderly and among them some were on their way to CJD or Alzheimer's. Not a bit unusual. Then the recipients ?
who got pooled extracts injected from thousands of cadavers ? were 100% certain to have been injected with both seeds. No surprise that they got both diseases going after thirty year incubations.
That the UK has a "system in place to assist science journalists" to squash embargoed science reports they find 'alarming' is pathetic.
Sounds like the journalists had it right in the first place: 'Alzheimer's may be a transmissible infection' in The Independent to 'You can catch Alzheimer's' in The Daily Mirror or 'Alzheimer's bombshell' in The Daily Express
if not for the journalist, the layperson would not know about these important findings.
where would we be today with sound science, from where we were 30 years ago, if not for the cloak of secrecy and save the industry at all cost mentality?
when you have a peer review system for science, from which a government constantly circumvents, then you have a problem with science, and humans die.
to date, as far as documented body bag count, with all TSE prion named to date, that count is still relatively low (one was too many in my case, Mom hvCJD), however that changes drastically once the TSE Prion link is made with Alzheimer's, the price of poker goes up drastically.
so, who makes that final decision, and how many more decades do we have to wait?
the iatrogenic mode of transmission of TSE prion, the many routes there from, load factor, threshold from said load factor to sub-clinical disease, to clinical disease, to death, much time is there to spread a TSE Prion to anywhere, but whom, by whom, and when, do we make that final decision to do something about it globally? how many documented body bags does it take? how many more decades do we wait? how many names can we make up for one disease, TSE prion?
Professor Collinge et al, and others, have had troubles in the past with the Government meddling in scientific findings, that might in some way involve industry, never mind human and or animal health.
FOR any government to continue to circumvent science for monetary gain, fear factor, or any reason, shame, shame on you.
in my opinion, it's one of the reasons we are at where we are at to date, with regards to the TSE Prion disease science i.e. money, industry, politics, then comes science, in that order.
greed, corporate, lobbyist there from, and government, must be removed from the peer review process of sound science, it's bad enough having them in the pharmaceutical aspect of healthcare policy making, in my opinion.
my mother died from confirmed hvCJD, and her brother (my uncle) Alzheimer's of some type (no autopsy?). just made a promise, never forget, and never let them forget, before I do.
I kindly wish to remind the public of the past, and a possible future we all hopes never happens again. ...
[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. There are also results to be made available shortly (1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, (2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer's and (3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]
Singeltary Comment at very bottom of this Nature publishing;
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 2019
In Alzheimer's Mice, Decades-Old Human Cadaveric Pituitary Growth Hormone Samples Can Transmit and Seed Amyloid-Beta Pathology
10. ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION AKA MAD DEER ELK DISEASE IN HUMANS, has it already happened, that should be the question...
''In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II)
EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors
First published: 17 January 2018 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132 ;
also, see;
8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data.
***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison.
The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.
snip...
The tissue distribution of infectivity in CWD‐infected cervids is now known to extend beyond CNS and lymphoid tissues. While the removal of these specific tissues from the food chain would reduce human dietary exposure to infectivity, exclusion from the food chain of the whole carcass of any infected animal would be required to eliminate human dietary exposure.
8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.
International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA
Qingzhong Kong
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA
Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.
Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2020
***> Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid State by State and Global Update November 2020
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020
***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION
see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry
PLOS ONE Journal
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;
IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure
Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT
***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.
***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.
*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***
Monday, November 30, 2020
Tunisia has become the second country after Algeria to detect a case of CPD within a year
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2020
The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2019 First published 17 November 2020
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020
EFSA Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2020 Singeltary Submission
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020
EFSA Scientific Opinion Potential BSE risk posed by the use of ruminant collagen and gelatine in feed for non‐ruminant farmed animals
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020
EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020
i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???
SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020
Bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy is similar to L-BSE after passage through sheep with the VRQ/VRQ genotype but not VRQ/ARQ
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020
The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/ Nor98 scrapie
CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL
Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY
Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100
From: Steve Dealler
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member
To: BSE-L@ References: <3daf5023 .4080804="" wt.net="">
Dear Terry,
An excellent piece of review as this literature is desparately difficult to get back from Government sites.
What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!
Steve Dealler ===============
BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler
Management In Confidence
BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler
snip...see full text;
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019
***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019
MONDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2019
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease in cervid Zoonosis Update
***> ''In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***
What if?
> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.
key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry
*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad deer disease zoonosis
We hypothesize that:
(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues;
(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence;
(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and
(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches.
ZOONOTIC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE
Prion 2017 Conference
First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1
University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen
This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. 21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves.
Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice.
At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation.
PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
PRION 2018 CONFERENCE
Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice
Hermann M. Schatzl, Samia Hannaoui, Yo-Ching Cheng, Sabine Gilch (Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada) Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Walter Schulz-Schaeffer (University of Homburg/Saar, Germany), Christiane Stahl-Hennig (German Primate Center) & Stefanie Czub (CFIA Lethbridge).
To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years.
After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were detected in spinal cord and brain of some euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and pre-clinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles.
Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate.
The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.
Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP.
Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP.
The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD..
***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***
READING OVER THE PRION 2018 ABSTRACT BOOK, LOOKS LIKE THEY FOUND THAT from this study ;
P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States
Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1) (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA..
SEEMS THAT THEY FOUND Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD
states.
states.
AND ANOTHER STUDY;
P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease
Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2) (1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio..
IN THIS STUDY, THERE WERE autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017,
AND
included 104 patients. SEEMS THEY FOUND THAT The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%),
AND
THAT The Majority of cases were male (60%), AND half of them had exposure to wild game.
snip…
see more on Prion 2017 Macaque study from Prion 2017 Conference and other updated science on cwd tse prion zoonosis below…terry
PRION 2019 ABSTRACTS
1. Interspecies transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent
Justin Greenlee
Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agriculture Research Service
ABSTRACT
The presentation will summarize the results of various studies conducted at our research center that assess the transmissibility of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to cattle, pigs, raccoons, goats, and sheep. This will include specifics of the relative attack rates, clinical signs, and microscopic lesions with emphasis on how to differentiate cross-species transmission of the CWD agent from the prion diseases that naturally occur in hosts such as cattle or sheep. Briefly, the relative difficulty of transmitting the CWD agent to sheep and goats will be contrasted with the relative ease of transmitting the scrapie agent to white-tailed deer.
53. Evaluation of the inter-species transmission potential of different CWD isolates
Rodrigo Moralesa, Carlos Kramma,b, Paulina Sotoa, Adam Lyona, Sandra Pritzkowa, Claudio Sotoa
aMitchell Center for Alzheimer’s disease and Related Brain Disorders, Dept. of Neurology, McGovern School of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA; bFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
ABSTRACT
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has reached epidemic proportions in North America and has been identified in South Korea and Northern Europe. CWD-susceptible cervid species are known to share habitats with humans and other animals entering the human food chain. At present, the potential of CWD to infect humans and other animal species is not completely clear. The exploration of this issue acquires further complexity considering the differences in the prion protein sequence due to species-specific variations and polymorphic changes within species. While several species of cervids are naturally affected by CWD, white-tailed deer (WTD) is perhaps the most relevant due to its extensive use in hunting and as a source of food. Evaluation of inter-species prion infections using animals or mouse models is costly and time consuming. We and others have shown that the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technology reproduces, in an accelerated and inexpensive manner, the inter-species transmission of prions while preserving the strain features of the input PrPSc. In this work, we tested the potential of different WTD-derived CWD isolates to transmit to humans and other animal species relevant for human consumption using PMCA. For these experiments, CWD isolates homozygous for the most common WTD-PrP polymorphic changes (G96S) were used (96SS variant obtained from a pre-symptomatic prion infected WTD). Briefly, 96GG and 96SS CWD prions were adapted in homologous or heterologous substrate by PMCA through several (15) rounds. End products, as well as intermediates across the process, were tested for their inter-species transmission potentials. A similar process was followed to assess seed-templated misfolding of ovine, porcine, and bovine PrPC. Our results show differences on the inter-species transmission potentials of the four adapted materials generated (PrPC/PrPSc polymorphic combinations), being the homologous combinations of seed/substrate the ones with the greater apparent zoonotic potential. Surprisingly, 96SS prions adapted in homologous substrate were the ones showing the easiest potential to template PrPC misfolding from other animal species. In summary, our results show that a plethora of different CWD isolates, each comprising different potentials for inter-species transmission, may exist in the environment. These experiments may help to clarify an uncertain and potentially worrisome public health issue. Additional research in this area may be useful to advise on the design of regulations intended to stop the spread of CWD and predict unwanted zoonotic events.
56. Understanding chronic wasting disease spread potential for at-risk species
Catherine I. Cullingham, Anh Dao, Debbie McKenzie and David W. Coltman
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
CONTACT Catherine I. Cullingham cathy.cullingham@ualberta.ca
ABSTRACT
Genetic variation can be linked to susceptibility or resistance to a disease, and this information can help to better understand spread-risk in a population. Wildlife disease incidence is increasing, and this is resulting in negative impacts on the economy, biodiversity, and in some instances, human health. If we can find genetic variation that helps to inform which individuals are susceptible, then we can use this information on at-risk populations to better manage negative consequences. Chronic wasting disease, a fatal, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids (both wild and captive), continues to spread geographically, which has resulted in an increasing host-range. The disease agent (PrPCWD) is a misfolded conformer of native cellular protein (PrPC). In Canada, the disease is endemic in Alberta and Saskatchewan, infecting primarily mule deer and white-tail deer, with a smaller impact on elk and moose populations. As the extent of the endemic area continues to expand, additional species will be exposed to this disease, including bison, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, and pronghorn antelope. To better understand the potential spread-risk among these species, we reviewed the current literature on species that have been orally exposed to CWD to identify susceptible and resistant species. We then compared the amino acid polymorphisms of PrPC among these species to determine whether any sites were linked to susceptibility or resistance to CWD infection. We sequenced the entire PrP coding region in 578 individuals across at-risk populations to evaluate their potential susceptibility. Three amino acid sites (97, 170, and 174; human numbering) were significantly associated with susceptibility, but these were not fully discriminating. All but one species among the resistant group shared the same haplotype, and the same for the susceptible species. For the at-risk species, bison had the resistant haplotype, while bighorn sheep and mountain goats were closely associated with the resistant type. Pronghorn antelope and a newly identified haplotype in moose differed from the susceptible haplotype, but were still closely associated with it. These data suggest pronghorn antelope will be susceptible to CWD while bison are likely to be resistant. Based on this data, recommendations can be made regarding species to be monitored for possible CWD infection.
KEYWORDS: Chronic wasting disease; Prnp; wildlife disease; population genetics; ungulates
Thursday, May 23, 2019
Prion 2019 Emerging Concepts CWD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CJD, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Schedule and Abstracts
see full Prion 2019 Conference Abstracts
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018
Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update
snip…full text;
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2019
Experts: Yes, chronic wasting disease in deer is a public health issue — for people
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014
Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011
Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "
Transmission Studies
Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS
resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.
snip....
Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿
Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations
In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species.
Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease
Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure.
*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.
see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”
From: TSS
Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???
Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST
From: "Belay, Ermias"
To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"
Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM
Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Dear Sir/Madam,
In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.
Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-----Original Message-----
From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM
Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS
Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS
Thursday, April 03, 2008
A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.
snip...
*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,
snip... full text ;
> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.
sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, just not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.
if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;
sporadic = 54,983 hits https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic
spontaneous = 325,650 hits https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous
key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry
*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***
FRIDAY, JULY 26, 2019
Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervids: Implications for Prion Transmission to Humans and Other Animal Species
TUESDAY, JANUARY 21, 2020
***> 2004 European Commission Chronic wasting disease AND TISSUES THAT MIGHT CARRY A RISK FOR HUMAN FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED CHAINS REPORT UPDATED 2020
***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***
***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<***
***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***
***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<***
***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2020
The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2019 First published 17 November 2020
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 30, 2020
Efficient transmission of US scrapie agent by intralingual route to genetically susceptible sheep with a low dose inoculum
2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains
PLEASE NOTE;
2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo
Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).
In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020
***> EFSA Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2020 Singeltary Submission
SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020
Bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy is similar to L-BSE after passage through sheep with the VRQ/VRQ genotype but not VRQ/ARQ
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020
The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/ Nor98 scrapie
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2020
Scrapie TSE Prion Zoonosis Zoonotic, what if?
***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***
Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573
O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations
Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases).
Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods.
*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,
***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),
***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.
We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.
===============
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases***
===============
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.
==============
https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf
***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.
***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.
***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20
Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases).
Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods.
*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,
***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),
***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.
We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.
===============
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases***
===============
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.
==============
https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf
***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.
***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.
***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20
PRION 2016 TOKYO
Saturday, April 23, 2016
SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online
Taylor & Francis
Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts
WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential
Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.
These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20
Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period)
*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.
*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.
*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160
1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8
Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.
Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.
Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.
snip...
The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
PMID: 6997404
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract
Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"
Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.
snip...
76/10.12/4.6
Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.
Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.
Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0
Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK
National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
IN CONFIDENCE
SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES
IN CONFIDENCE
MONDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2019
Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease in cervid Zoonosis Update
***> ''In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***
What if?
2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains
2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains
Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).
In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2020
Scrapie TSE Prion Zoonosis Zoonotic, what if?
MONDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2020
Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to sika deer (Cervus nippon)
***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***
Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.
to date, the claim that 85% + of all human TSE Prion are spontaneous/sporadic event that just happens, in my opinion, has never been proven to date. it's a myth, just like the UKBSEnvCJD only there, where only typical c-BSE UK mad cow, is transmissible to humans, and all the rest is old cow disease or old people disease. remember, nvcjd has been documented in very old people as well, plus, it was postulated at the BSE Inquiry that, some farmers are heterozygous for the methionine/valine variant at codon 129, and their lymphoreticular system (LRS) does not contain the high levels of PrPSc found in vCJD. It remains a remote possibility that when older people contract CJD from BSE the resulting phenotype is like sporadic CJD and is distinct from the vCJD phenotype in younger people, and indeed today we find that;
SATURDAY, JUNE 23, 2018
Diagnosis of Methionine/Valine Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification Volume 24, Number 7—July 2018
*** Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery ***
Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.
Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract
Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.
Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract
TUESDAY, AUGUST 18, 2009
BSE-The Untold Story - joe gibbs and singeltary 1999 - 2009
SUNDAY, AUGUST 09, 2009
CJD...Straight talk with...James Ironside...and...Terry Singeltary... 2009
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 01, 2020
Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease sCJD and Human TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2020
23 years to the day, December 14, 1997 MOM DOD confirmed hvCJD, just made a promise, never forget, and never let them forget...tss
wasted days and wasted nights...Freddy Fender
Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA, Galveston Bay, ...on the bottom! <flounder9@verizon.net>
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